Critical Inquiry Exam 2 Practice

These questions are part of the practice quiz. Start practicing

• To compare the means of two independent groups, which test would you use?
• Compare qualitative data collection methods (interviews, focus groups, observations) in terms of data richness and potential biases.
• Which description matches ratio scales?
• What is the SnOut rule?
• If a test has high sensitivity but low specificity, which statement best describes false positives and false negatives?
• What is the purpose of an IRB and common elements of an ethical review?
• Which example best illustrates an operational definition for 'social support'?
• Which statement correctly distinguishes a mediator from a moderator?
• What is a control group and why essential in experimental designs?
• Which statement accurately describes descriptive statistics and inferential statistics?
• A lower negative likelihood ratio makes a negative test result more effective at what?
• What are 2x2 tables used for in diagnostic studies?
• Triangulation in mixed-methods studies serves to?
• Which statement best distinguishes random sampling from convenience sampling and its implications for generalizability?
• Which statement best describes random assignment and its threats in experiments?
• Quality depends on which aspect of the study?
• What is the primary purpose of randomization in randomized controlled trials?
• Which experimental design adds validity to the study, reduces one form of bias, helps ensure that all groups will be equal at the start of the study, and designed to evaluate efficacy of an intervention?
• Define longitudinal studies.
• What does thick description provide?
• Which describes the relationship between conceptual definitions and operational definitions?
• Which of the following is a mixed-methods design widely used in practice?
• Where is the purpose of an intervention study normally found?
• What is the most commonly agreed upon p-value or alpha level?
• Intra-rater reliability is defined as which of the following?
• Pretest probability is defined as the probability of having the condition before a test is applied.
• Inter-rater reliability is defined as which of the following?
• Which statement correctly describes the effect of a high positive likelihood ratio?
• What is the SpPin rule?
• Which statement about randomization is true?
• Which statement best describes what a likelihood ratio expresses?
• Explain the meaning and interpretation of a 95% confidence interval for a mean.
• Name four descriptive statistics and what they convey about a data set.
• Which statement differentiates a research question from a hypothesis?
• Which factor is most directly used to determine if an intervention could be feasibly implemented in a typical patient setting?
• Which sequence correctly represents CPR design steps?
• What is the primary role of validated predictor variables within CPR?
• Which statement about Type I and Type II errors is correct?
• Which is a measure of central tendency?
• Which criterion documents the chain of evidence from data to conclusions?
• True/False: Treaters should not be testers.
• What does reflexivity involve in qualitative research?
• Confidence intervals are normally expressed at which percentile levels, and what does that imply?
• What experimental design is considered the gold standard?
• Which statement correctly lists common regression assumptions related to residuals?
• What is a sampling frame?
• What are 3 examples of 'threats to validity'?
• Which statement about deductive reasoning in qualitative inquiry is most accurate?
• Used to compare results of more than two groups
• How do literature reviews and theoretical frameworks differ in guiding a study?
• True/False: When reading an intervention study, it is often best to read through the results first.
• In a study comparing treated and non-treated groups, should the groups be of equal intensity?
• Which of the following best describes descriptive, inferential, and predictive statistics?
• Which statement contrasts prospective and retrospective studies?
• Define prospective studies.
• Which statement best describes Likelihood Ratios?
• What is the final step in the CPR design process after validation?
• Define retrospective studies.
• Ratio and interval scales are often referred to as which type of data?
• Define operationalization and provide an example.
• What does a systematic review aim to achieve?
• How do you assess the risk of bias in nonrandomized studies?
• Which statement best defines effect modification (interaction) in a study?
• What does reliability of measures refer to?
• Define Effectiveness.
• Used to compare the means of two groups
• Which statement correctly describes the null hypothesis in hypothesis testing?
• What is data triangulation in qualitative research?
• What is a literature map or concept map and how does it aid the review process?
• Which element is typically described in the methods section regarding the intervention?
• What do descriptive statistics do?
• What term describes the probability that a patient has the condition before a test is applied?
• Which statement about mediators is most accurate?
• How does a t-test differ from an ANOVA?
• Known-groups validity is used to assess construct validity by...
• Define cross-sectional studies.
• Define Number Needed to Treat (NNT) according to the material.
• Which method is commonly used to detect heteroscedasticity in a regression model?
• Which data scale is described as ordered precisely and continuously with no meaningful zero value?
• What is the purpose of a data handling plan in research ethics?
• Which statement describes a threat to external validity?
• Define sensitivity.
• What is the difference between sensitivity and specificity?
• Convergent validity is demonstrated when a measure...
• Reliability versus validity in qualitative coding: which statement is most accurate?
• What is a confounding variable?
• What is the role of ethics in critical inquiry?
• Power analysis factors include which elements?
• What is a confounding variable and how can randomized experiments mitigate it?
• What technique is central to grounded theory that involves comparing data across cases?
• Cohen's kappa is used to assess what?
• Outline the main stages of qualitative coding from data to theme development.
• What is NNT?
• For a result to be clinically important, what two things must happen?
• Ratio and interval scales are often referred to as which type of data?
• What is the process of determining who might benefit from the intervention studied called?
• What is the difference between efficacy and effectiveness?
• What term defines the probability that a patient has the condition after a test is applied?
• Which analysis assigns subjects to the groups they were randomized to?
• Define Efficacy.
• What does the methods section of an intervention study contain?
• What does a p-value indicate in hypothesis testing?
• A range of motion measurement with a goniometer is typically which data scale?
• Which statement is false about the CPR design steps?
• What are the 3 main points to determine applicability of an intervention study?
• In the context of statistical power, what is most likely in an underpowered study when a real difference exists?
• Which statistical method is used to compare means while removing the influence of one or more covariates?
• What does meta-analysis do?
• In a normal distribution, which set lists the correct percentages within one, two, and three standard deviations?
• Differentiate between confounding control variables and statistical control in analysis.
• Do we want the confidence interval to be narrow or wide?
• Which statistic best indicates how much a test result changes the likelihood of disease?
• How are pretest and posttest probabilities related?
• Which statement describes a convergent parallel mixed-methods design?
• To compare means across more than two groups, which test is typically used?
• What is the primary purpose of a power analysis?
• Which statement captures the benefits of pre-registration?
• What is a null hypothesis and how is it used in hypothesis testing?
• Likert-type items are an example of which scale?
• Posttest probability describes the probability of having the condition after testing.
• What does 'intention-to-treat analysis' mean?
• What does reliability of measures describe?
• Where are the results of an intervention study normally found?
• In qualitative research, which criterion concerns applicability of findings to other contexts?
• Name two core ethical principles.
• Confounding is best described as a phenomenon where a nuisance variable is associated with which of the following?
• Which definition best describes ordinal scales?
• Which design is best described as data collected at a single point in time to estimate prevalence?
• Define CI.
• Outline the basic steps of grounded theory coding in order.
• Where is the study population normally found in an intervention study?
• Which statement accurately describes reliability and validity?
• What is grounded theory and what is its key analytic goal?
• What method helps ensure groups are similar at baseline in an intervention study?
• Which statement is true about mediators and moderators?
• Which practice helps minimize bias by keeping people unaware of group assignment?
• In a study where data are collected at multiple time points from the same subjects, this design is called:
• Which description matches interval scales?
• What is the main purpose of descriptive statistics?
• Used to compare multiple measures from the same group
• Which statistic is commonly used to analyze categorical data?
• What defines internal validity in experimental designs?
• Which term describes the applicability of study results to routine clinical practice?
• Define specificity.
• The higher the +LR is, the more likely it is that the patient has the condition if they have a ________ test.
• Distinguish between credibility and transferability as trustworthiness criteria in qualitative research.
• Which statement about power is true?
• How does effect size complement p-values in interpreting study results?
• In a 2x2 diagnostic table, if the gold standard is positive and the clinical test is positive, this cell is called:
• In a 2x2 table, the gold standard is negative and the clinical test is negative. This cell is called:
• What is attrition in experiments and why does it matter?
• What is the difference between p-value and effect size?
• What does 'threats to validity' mean?
• Group differences, people, machines, and instruments can all introduce what into the results?
• Which of the following is NOT a method to strengthen validity?
• Which analysis approach includes all participants in the groups to which they were randomized, regardless of whether they completed the intervention?
• What is the SpPin rule?
• External validity concerns generalizability across which domains?
• What are several factors that the length of follow-up depends on?
• Which data scale has categories that are ordered but distances between ranks are not uniform?
• Define systematic review and meta-analysis and explain their difference.
• What is data cleaning and why is it critical before analysis?
• When a sample is smaller it is less likely a difference will be found, this means the sample is what?
• Which statement best captures content validity?
• If there is a high probability that results are due to chance, can you conclude that the treatment was the reason?
• Which threat to internal validity is most directly reduced by random assignment?
• Which term characterizes a tool that uses validated predictor variables to guide diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, or referral?
• Which statement about construct validity is accurate?
• Which definition best describes nominal scales?
• CPR stands for what?
• Define Power.
• CPR are often described as?
• Which statement correctly contrasts reliability and validity in qualitative coding?
• Which type of statistics is used to determine whether observed effects are likely due to chance?
• Which design follows participants over time to assess changes?
• Which statistic is used to determine the likelihood that observed results occurred by chance?
• Confidence intervals are commonly expressed at which percentile levels?
• What is the first step in the multistep process for designing CPR?
• Triangulation in qualitative research is defined as
• Reliability is measured by what?
• Which statement about NNT is true?
• What are the assumptions underlying a one-way ANOVA?
• What is selective sampling?
• Best statistic for reliability for continuous data (ratio or interval) is which term?
• Used to compare means and remove a contributing factor
• Define standard deviation.
• A study shows high efficacy in a controlled setting but limited effectiveness in practice due to patient variability. This illustrates the difference between which two concepts?
• Homoscedasticity refers to what?
• Which of the following best describes the components included in descriptive statistics related to central tendency and distribution?
• What are 3 ways to strengthen validity?
• The impact study in CPR development aims to assess what?
• Which example best illustrates a longitudinal panel study?
• Which statement about descriptive statistics is true?
• What do Likelihood Ratios fundamentally describe?
• Which statement best describes reliability and validity and names a common reliability coefficient?